Single-Resource Extraction:' Stealth Technology and Air Warfare' by USMC, Command & Staff College...

Stealth Technology and Air Warfare (ADA529417) is a report performed by United States Marine Corps (USMC): Command and Staff College-Marine Corps University in 1991. The report consists of 44 pages and contains images.

USMC (1991, pp. 3-5): Introduction

The introduction of USMC (1991) highlights technology has a role within a military setting. While the author notes differences (highly dependent on the technology being discussed) each introduction has created; it does tie changes to air power as playing a significant role in the modern military at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. USMC (1991) ends this section by transitioning into the concept of stealth technology.

USMC (1991, pp. 5-17): Stealth Technology

USMC (1991) notes that the engineering of stealth aircraft is a complex and demanding process; but, conceptually is fairly straightforward. When discussing reducing the Radar Cross-Section (RCS), three concepts are introduced: (1)Structural-designed to deflect as opposed to reflect.: (2) Non or Low Reflective materials that compose the structure.: and (3) Eliminating emissions. USMC (1991) notes that the shaping for Low-observable (L/O) aircraft relies on: (1) Faceting, the intentional design of an area to reflect radar away from the receiver.: (2) Cavity Control due to increased collection (concentration?) and reflection can be mitigated by materials or design.: and (3) Smoothness, reducing as much as feasible any sharp angles (etc.) so that the chance of an unintentional reflection is reduced, with mitigations indicated by design and materials or a combination of them (i.e., structural composite materials). USMC (1991) states that active cancellation is another method to handle detection. Next, the author touches upon emissions from an aircraft and provides areas that can create them outside of structural and is also linked to radio and radar emissions. Some of the solutions to these, per USMC (1991) are passive sensors, removal of on-board sensors, and LPI radars. When addressing the IR signature, the author suggests air-mixing to reduce emissions for the exhaust system (i.e., cool air mixed in to reduce the overall IR signature.).

USMC (1991, p. 18): Counters to Stealth

This section is very brief and generally supports the USMC (1991) decision that this report is premised on counter-stealth; not being able to degrade the utility by an appreciable amount.

USMC (1991, pp.18-21): Stealth Applications

This section details the various aircraft or programs that utilize stealth technology. USMC (1991) provides numerous aircraft designs, such as: F-117 Night Hawk, B-2A, and the F-22. The author then transitions into the technology that is supportive.

USMC (1991, pp. 21-23): Supporting Technology

USMC (1991) indicates trends in Precision-Guided Missiles (PGMs), improvements in reliability and maintainability, and the increased capability of information gathering and handling (actualized by microelectronics). The author details the last with many examples and envisions computer-aided intelligence fusion cells.

USMC (1991, pp. 23-29): Stealth's Impact on Tactics

Tactics, noted by USMC (1991), changed upon a need to counter radar-based Integrated Air Defense Systems (IADS); however, as those multiplied and overlapping coverage of an area was achieved, so did aircraft (i.e., support aircraft for EW). Another way is low-altitude tactics which make use of terrain or curvature of the earth to aid in stealth; however, a limitation is that denser air reduces the maximum speed and range (e.g., fuel consumption in an F-4. USMC (1991) notes that maneuverability is also limited, with the continuation of other impacted systems. But ultimately USMC (1991) finds that stealth will enable more flexible and lethal operations. Other benefits noted by the author are an enhancement in achieving surprise and synergism with conventional aircraft.

USMC (1991, pp. 29-37): Stealth at the Operational Level

This section examines the impact of stealth within a framework based on the phases of a traditional air campaign: (1) Buildip, the concentration of forces in an area.;(2) Obtaining air superiority, which secures freedom of action for campaigns in other mediums and can include counter-air missions;(3) Strategic offense, such as attacking centers of gravity (Clausewitzian) [versus alternative via Boyne (2003) from Univ Lib.{Ref not included @ time} which implies a focus on area of most vulnerability];(4) Isolation and preparation of a battlefield, an example being reduction of enemy options.; and (5) Support of surface operations. USMC (1991) implies an overall positive impact, with a limiting factor being the number of available airframes.

USMC (1991, pp. 38-40): Stealth at the Strategic Level

The author sees an overall positive implication. (USMC, 1991) See the Resource for more specifics.

USMC (1991, pp. 40-41): Conclusion

"Stealth is then one of the truly significant technological changes that impact all levels of war. The importance of anticipating and preparing for those changes can not be overestimated." (USMC, 1991)

References

United States Marine Corps,Command and Staff College, Marine Corps University, Marine Corps Combat Development, & Command. (1991). Stealth Technology and Air Warfare-ADA529417.

Project Information

Resource/Reference Number for Related Personal Research (Non-Commercial) Project- Stealth Technology in the US Military: Past, Present, and Future". Reference Numbers are not currently alphabetized; they will be added to Zotero for the final work, and subsequently, the current numbering will not reflect the end number assigned to a utilized reference. [REF(0005/0057)].

Project Keywords: Stealth Technology, IRST, United States Air Force (USAF), B-2 Spirit, Department of Defense (DOD) Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD), Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA), Metamaterials, Nanotechnology, Sensor Technology, EM, SR-71, Strikestar 2025

Project Description:

Given that the United States Air Force is currently focusing on Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) and Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA), an opportunity to examine the past, present, and future of military aircraft has been presented. Specifically, the focus of this project will be an overview of stealth and sensing technology, with a more creative aspect stemming from a 'far future' perspective. Initially, the paper will address background information before examining past systems. Next, the project will explore the present aircraft; before providing a limited view of the near future (i.e., NGAD and CCA). Finally, this project will examine some 'far future' iterations given continued advancement in the related scientific backgrounds.

Additional Resources for Review

Axe- Radar Jamming as consideration.

Berkowitz-Interesting read, and some good images to think about.

Chun- Good Read, continue to think about potential pairing with other resources.

Cygorek- Quantum Simulation

Gopalakrishna- DNA and Imaging

Kurp- Quantum Sensing

Oberlin- Interesting and paired with other resources.

Plain- Light and magnetism

Shipman- Interesting read, see other resources that are related.

Simons- Strange metal

Slegel- Scale system

Stevens- Light waves

Trinity- Super Diffusion

Arkansas- graphene/non-linear circuit

Cambridge- Quantum Switching

Colorado- Ergodicity breaking

Hamburg-electron pairing

Montreal- Molecular language pairs with other resources.

Surrey- Pairs with other resources mutation DNA

DOE- interesting read pair with radioactivity and scale figure description.

Yirka- consider topography/survey data and prog. exoth. reac. via prearranged path for circ/etc.

References

Axe, D. (2023). Ukraine’s Helicopter-Killing RBS-70 Missiles Can See Right Through Russian Jamming. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/ukraine-s-helicopter-killing-rbs-70-missiles-can-see-right-through-russian-jamming/ar-AA1fpUHK Berkowitz, R. (2023). Writing the Rules of Turbulence. Physics, 16, 140. Chun, H.-M. (2023). Time-Reversal Symmetry and Thermodynamic Forces. Physics, 16, 142. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.077101 Cygorek, M., Cosacchi, M., Vagov, A., Axt, V. M., Lovett, B. W., Keeling, J., & Gauger, E. M. (2022). Simulation of open quantum systems by automated compression of arbitrary environments. Nature Physics, 18(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01544-9 Gopalakrishna, P., & Science, I. I. of. (2023). Cutting-edge imaging technique shines light on how DNA strands stack up. https://phys.org/news/2023-08-cutting-edge-imaging-technique-dna-strands.html Kurp, P., & Rice University. (2023). Discovery Unlocks Terahertz Technology for Quantum Sensing. https://scitechdaily.com/discovery-unlocks-terahertz-technology-for-quantum-sensing/ Oberlin College. (2023). The Unsolved Enigma of the Origin of Life: A New Strategy. https://scitechdaily.com/the-unsolved-enigma-of-the-origin-of-life-a-new-strategy/ Plain, C. (2023). Researchers Successfully Trap Light Using Powerful Magnets—The Debrief. https://thedebrief.org/researchers-successfully-trap-light-using-powerful-magnets/ Shipman, M. (2023, August 14). Nanoscale Material Offers New Way to Control Fire. NC State News. https://news.ncsu.edu/2023/08/taming-fire/ Simons, F. (2023). 40-Year Quantum Riddle Solved: Why Are “Strange Metals” So Strange? https://scitechdaily.com/40-year-quantum-riddle-solved-why-are-strange-metals-so-strange/ Slegel, E. (2023). The 13 scales that define our physical Universe—Big Think. https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/13-scales-universe/ Stevens Institute of Technology. (2023). Physicists use a 350-year-old theorem to reveal new properties of light waves. https://phys.org/news/2023-08-physicists-year-old-theorem-reveal-properties.html Trinity College Dublin. (2023). Research team simulates super diffusion on a quantum computer. https://phys.org/news/2023-08-team-simulates-super-diffusion-quantum.html University of Arkansas. (2023). Long Considered Impossible in Physics: Nonlinear Circuit Harvests Clean Power Using Graphene. https://scitechdaily.com/long-considered-impossible-in-physics-nonlinear-circuit-harvests-clean-power-using-graphene/ University of Cambridge. (2023). Switching “spin” on and off (and up and down) in quantum materials at room temperature. https://phys.org/news/2023-08-quantum-materials-room-temperature.html University of Colorado at Boulder. (2023). A new “spin” on ergodicity breaking. https://phys.org/news/2023-08-ergodicity.html University of Hamburg. (n.d.). Electron Pairing in Artificial Atoms: Physicists Confirm Quantum State Predicted Over 50 Years Ago. Retrieved August 22, 2023, from https://scitechdaily.com/electron-pairing-in-artificial-atoms-physicists-confirm-quantum-state-predicted-over-50-years-ago/ University of Montreal. (2023). Decoding how molecules “talk” to each other to develop new nanotechnologies. https://phys.org/news/2023-08-decoding-molecules-nanotechnologies.html University of Surrey. (2022). Quantum mechanics could explain why DNA can spontaneously mutate. https://phys.org/news/2022-05-quantum-mechanics-dna-spontaneously-mutate.html U.S. Department of Energy [DOE]. (2023). In Preparation for DUNE, Scientists Examine Modern Nuclear Theory for Neutrino Oscillation Physics. Energy.Gov. https://www.energy.gov/science/np/articles/preparation-dune-scientists-examine-modern-nuclear-theory-neutrino-oscillation Yirka, B. (2023). An algorithm that shapes objects to cause them to roll down ramps following a desired path. https://phys.org/news/2023-08-algorithm-ramps-desired-path.html